Records gallery
The complete Shapiro research file: 79 numbered facts and 36 numbered questions. Each item keeps its evidence label and number, so anything cited can be found again.
Cemeteries & gravestones
9 retained items
Died in March 1946 in Kharkiv, Ukraine, aged 75 or 76. This is why he was not in Smorgon when it was destroyed, and…Died in March 1946 in Kharkiv, Ukraine , aged 75 or 76.
Rav Yeshaya Dubinsky was alive in 1903. His son's title page calls him ישעיה נ"י, an honorific used only of the living. The VGD…Rav Yeshaya Dubinsky was alive in 1903.
Sara was alive in 1903, called אמי שתחי'. Born 1836, died 1915. The family's own information and the VGD tree agree exactly on these…Sara was alive in 1903, called אמי שתחי' .
Where the graves are, and are not: a cemetery-by-cemetery pass, 1 September 2026. Beth David, Elmont (Moshe Shmuel, F-02, and presumably Chaya, d. 1946): Find…Where the graves are, and are not: a cemetery-by-cemetery pass, 1 September 2026.
Best reading: this is Lev Rubin's monument, and the inscription commemorates his father-in-law. Lev gets a full name, a patronymic and both dates. Dubinsky gets…Best reading: this is Lev Rubin's monument, and the inscription commemorates his father-in-law.
Why that matters more than a burial would. Lev Rubin's wife was Мария Семеновна, Semyonovna, the Soviet civil patronymic from Semyon, the standard Russian…Why that matters more than a burial would.
Note which initial they cut. The children are all recorded Семенович and Семеновна, so had the family been carving his civil name they would…Note which initial they cut.
The five remaining Mitzvat Emet photographs, read directly, one new match. burial329268 turns out to be the identical photograph as burial352860, confirming F-37's reading and…The five remaining Mitzvat Emet photographs, read directly, one new match.
Immigration, censuses & directories
12 retained items
A Cleveland period, real after all, per family testimony, not yet independently read on this file's own end. Letters he wrote from Cleveland are printed…Family testimony reports a Cleveland period, but the letters have not been independently read.
The 1940 census records Moses and Ida Shapiro in Brooklyn with their sons Hyman, Irving and Joel. Earlier “Israel” wording was a stale misreading. This…The 1940 census records Moses and Ida Shapiro in Brooklyn with their sons Hyman, Irving and Joel.
Joel/Jochel/Yechiel Shapiro declaration 213143, sworn 15 March 1933 [original image checked]: 1735 Sterling Place; linotype operator [HIGH], with a shorter struck occupation likely “student” [MEDIUM]…Okhel/Iokhel Shmukler, registered 26 May 1912 Julian / 8 June Gregorian / 23 Sivan 5672 at Olsiady/Alsedziai, is the same person as Jachel/Jochel Sapiro/Shapiro and Yechiel/Joel Shapiro.
A full Brooklyn address-and-phone chain, 1928 to 1957, closing the gap X-08 once flagged as unsearched. A family collaborator's word-coordinate sweep of the Brooklyn residential…A full Brooklyn address-and-phone chain, 1928 to 1957, closing the gap X-08 once flagged as unsearched.
Isaac's own arrival record, found at last, and the whole family travels together. A ship manifest, checked directly off the scan, records Chaja Schapiro, 45…Isaac's own arrival record, found at last, and the whole family travels together.
A Zak sister, immigrating alone in 1921, checked directly against the manifest, and since identified. (Written before F-74: the Alsėdžiai birth registers now record a…A Zak sister, immigrating alone in 1921, checked directly against the manifest, and since identified.
What became of the sister who went to America: Hinde Zak became Hilda Zaron of Brooklyn, a hat maker, married to a First World War…What became of the sister who went to America: Hinde Zak became Hilda Zaron of Brooklyn, a hat maker, married to a First World War veteran, and had no children.
European records
5 retained items
The 1903 Telšiai marriage record fixes the date at 14 February 1903 Old Style, 30 Shevat 5663. The native Hebrew scan reads the groom's line…The 1903 Telšiai marriage record fixes the date at 14 February 1903 Old Style, 30 Shevat 5663.
The Dubinsky family of Volozhin in the Russian revision lists, 1811 to 1874, found in the free All Lithuania Database. The Lithuanian State Historical Archives'…The Dubinsky family of Volozhin in the Russian revision lists, 1811 to 1874, found in the free All Lithuania Database.
Community registers, pinkasim and metrical books: what survives for each town, as far as it can be established from here. Two different kinds of register…Community registers, pinkasim and metrical books: what survives for each town, as far as it can be established from here.
The Zak family in the Lithuanian State Archives, found through JewishGen's Lithuania collection: the marriage, the mother, the sisters, the son's whole life. The LitvakSIG…The Zak family in the Lithuanian State Archives, found through JewishGen's Lithuania collection: the marriage, the mother, the sisters, the son's whole life.
What became of the sisters who stayed: Yad Vashem, searched under the married names, and R' Shimon Zak's own Pages of Testimony. The Central Database…What became of the sisters who stayed: Yad Vashem, searched under the married names, and R' Shimon Zak's own Pages of Testimony.
Sefarim, letters & published sources
22 retained items
Four of these documents are reproduced in print, not just described. R' Moshe Shmuel V'Doro carries photocopies of the handwritten originals, listed in its own…Four of these documents are reproduced in print, not just described.
Born in Volozhin in 1870, son of Rav Yeshaya and Sara. Studied at the Volozhin yeshiva. Married a wife from Smorgon and lived there…Born in Volozhin in 1870 , son of Rav Yeshaya and Sara.
He attended the two rabbis of Smorgon, Rabbi Chaim Leib and Rabbi Yehuda Leib Gordin, and his novellae are printed inside Rabbi Gordin's own…He attended the two rabbis of Smorgon, Rabbi Chaim Leib and Rabbi Yehuda Leib Gordin , and his novellae are printed inside Rabbi Gordin's own תשובות יהודה , Responsa of Yehuda , a book of Rabbi Gordin's own halachic rulings and correspondence, Vilna 1908, 78 responsa.
Which specific responsum has not been located. The book's OCR was searched directly for דובינסקי, שמעון מרדכי and סמארגאן, Smorgon. Only Rabbi Gordin's…Which specific responsum has not been located.
A mechutan connection to another rabbinic family. The opening dedication of שם טוב, page 3, is a halachic letter in Shimon Mordechai's own hand…A mechutan connection to another rabbinic family.
"Rav of Smorgon" is disproven as stated. The Smorgon Yizkor book has a dedicated chapter listing every rav of the community from before 1750 to…"Rav of Smorgon" is disproven as stated.
There was a third brother, and he is now named: Rav Shlomo Yosef. R' Shimon Zak's biography says their mother played a great role in the…There was a third brother, and he is now named: Rav Shlomo Yosef.
Rav Shlomo Yosef was himself a rabbi: Av Beis Din of Kalelishok. Printed page 11 of שמן רוקח, exactly where the index on page 3…Rav Shlomo Yosef was himself a rabbi: Av Beis Din of Kalelishok.
The title page transcription lives on a user-editable wiki, but HebrewBooks' own OCR of the searchable copy independently places ממשפחת, אמי, דובינסקי and…The title page transcription lives on a user-editable wiki, but HebrewBooks' own OCR of the searchable copy independently places ממשפחת , אמי , דובינסקי and וואלאזין on page 1, the title page.
The Smorgon Yizkor book, p.109, says the same thing in its own independent wording: "From his mother's side, Rabbi Mordechai was a member of…The Smorgon Yizkor book, p.109 , says the same thing in its own independent wording: "From his mother's side, Rabbi Mordechai was a member of the family of the Gaon Rabbi Chaim, the founder of the Yeshiva of Volozhin."
The 1905 מאמר מרדכי title page says only ממשפחת הגאון האמתי מוהר"ח, without the maternal specification. The maternal wording appears on the 1903 page…The 1905 מאמר מרדכי title page says only ממשפחת הגאון האמתי מוהר"ח , without the maternal specification.
A third independent voice makes the same claim. Rav Dovid Cohen, a talmid who knew Moshe Shmuel personally for decades in America, writes in his…A third independent voice makes the same claim.
One of the era's leading rabbinic authorities made this claim in print, unprompted by the family. The approbations to Shimon Mordechai's שמן רוקח, page…One of the era's leading rabbinic authorities made this claim in print, unprompted by the family.
Shimon Mordechai calls him kin too, nine years later, in his own hand. Deeper in the same sefer, one of the letters is addressed לקריניק…Shimon Mordechai calls him kin too, nine years later, in his own hand.
Rav Shmuel Yaakov Rabinowitz, the son-in-law from F-52, has his own entry too, and it names his father. אהלי שם gives him a full entry…Rav Shmuel Yaakov Rabinowitz, the son-in-law from F-52, has his own entry too, and it names his father.
Rav Zalman Sender Kahana Shapira is a documented great-grandson of Rav Chaim. The chain is Rav Chaim, then Relka, then R. Yaakov of Volozhin, then…Rav Zalman Sender Kahana Shapira is a documented great-grandson of Rav Chaim.
The Leoni chart is a generation off on Relka. Leoni makes Rav Zeev Soloveitchik and Yankele into her sons without naming her husbands. Lipman has…The Leoni chart is a generation off on Relka.
Somebody was counting the sons-in-law, and the brothers' own book confirms it. Lipman says חתנו השלישי, the third son-in-law, for R' Yosef Soloveitchik. The…Somebody was counting the sons-in-law, and the brothers' own book confirms it.
Moshe Tzvi appears nowhere. Not in the Leoni chart, not in Lipman, and not in the searchable OCR of the brothers' own 1909 book about…Moshe Tzvi appears nowhere.
Rav Chaim's own in-laws. The brothers' 1909 book names his wife Sara's siblings, none of whom appear in the Leoni chart. A sister married Rav…Rav Chaim's own in-laws.
Rav Avraham Abba's own entry, in his own lifetime. The 1912 rabbinic directory אהלי שם gives him a full entry under Alshad: born תרכ"ב…Rav Avraham Abba's own entry, in his own lifetime.
A second son-in-law, not in the family's own account. The same 1912 entry names two sons-in-law for Rav Avraham Abba Zak: הרב האברך ר' משה…A second son-in-law, not in the family's own account.
People, places & family evidence
31 retained items
Born in Volozhin on the second day of Sukkos 5640, 1879, to his father Reb Yeshaya and his mother Sara. This date is well…Born in Volozhin on the second day of Sukkos 5640, 1879 , to his father Reb Yeshaya and his mother Sara.
His own eyewitness account of the 1892 closing of Volozhin, quoted by a third party six years after his death. A 1968 HaDoar essay on…His own eyewitness account of the 1892 closing of Volozhin, quoted by a third party six years after his death.
His last article, and the one life of Rav Itzele he wrote. HaDoar, New York, no. 7 of 5723, 14 December 1962, page 9…His last article, and the one life of Rav Itzele he wrote.
Studied in Volozhin under Rabbi Ziskind. Around age fifteen, circa 1894 to 1895, he spent time studying under his own brother, Rav Shimon…Studied in Volozhin under Rabbi Ziskind .
Four ordinations, from four different rabbis. His own autobiography names two: Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Rabinowitz, rav of Kovno, and Rabbi Moshe Danishevski of Slobodka…Four ordinations, from four different rabbis.
In his youth he spent a period in Iași, Romania, as tutor to the sons of a leading householder. This appears in no other…In his youth he spent a period in Iași, Romania , as a tutor to the sons of a leading householder.
A childhood story, in his own words. Around age twelve a friend talked him into visiting one of the new government schools in Volozhin, staffed…A childhood story, in his own words.

Married Chaya, daughter of Rav Avraham Abba Zak, rav of Alsedziai, known as Olshad or Alshad, in 5663, 1903.Married Chaya, daughter of Rav Avraham Abba Zak , rav of Alsedziai, known as Olshad or Alshad, in 5663, 1903.
In 1914, 5674, he was invited to give shiurim at a new yeshiva in Anykščiai. The yeshiva closed when the war broke out…In 1914, 5674 , he was invited to give shiurim at a new yeshiva in Anykščiai .
He was rav of Olshad in his own right, and was still on that seat in 1923. See section 6 for how this fits…He was rav of Olshad in his own right , and was still on that seat in 1923.
His own writing from inside those lean years, not just a letter describing them. In 1926, while still without a settled position, he published a…His own writing from inside those lean years, not just a letter describing them.
Rabbi and principal (menahel) of Yeshivath Rabbi Chaim Berlin, in Brownsville, Brooklyn, per his son's account. At one point he had to appeal to…Rabbi and principal (menahel) of Yeshivath Rabbi Chaim Berlin , in Brownsville, Brooklyn , per his son's account.
The yeshiva reached its peak under him in the 1930s. A 1978 HaDoar review of דרכי שמואל quotes R' Nisan Goldberg's own preface to that…The yeshiva reached its peak under him in the 1930s.
A former talmid's own memoir of him as menahel, a newly found and previously uncited source. R' Nisan Goldberg, a talmid at Chaim Berlin around…A former talmid's own memoir of him as menahel, a newly found and previously uncited source.
His son Yechiel (Joel) owned a print shop and held his father's manuscripts. He published the two posthumous volumes, and he is the "Joel" of…His son Yechiel (Joel) owned a print shop and held his father's manuscripts.
R' Shimon Zak, the writer, was his brother-in-law. R' Rivkind quotes him using the word גיסי, my brother-in-law, and identifies the man: הגיס הנזכר…R' Shimon Zak, the writer, was his brother-in-law.
His wife Chaya died on 4 Marcheshvan 5707, in the autumn of 1946, matched independently by R' Rivkind's own memoir, which gives the same…His wife Chaya died on 4 Marcheshvan 5707 , in the autumn of 1946, matched independently by R' Rivkind's own memoir, which gives the same month and year.
The eldest son, Simcha. The family's own tradition of an eldest son who stayed in Europe and was murdered, recorded as Q-16, appears here in…The eldest son, Simcha.
Rav Shimon Mordechai and Haya-Feiga’s children are preserved in two family-compiled sources with different counts. The VGD tree names six: Itzko-Meir, Polina, Maria, Roza, Fania…Rav Shimon Mordechai and Haya-Feiga’s children are preserved in two family-compiled sources with different counts.
Sara's father was Moshe Tzvi. He is the hinge of the whole question and he appears in no printed source, in no VGD record, and…Sara's father was Moshe Tzvi.
Yeshaya's father was Rav Yitzchok Dubinsky, died 1903. A son born in 1893 was named Itzko-Meir, which is consistent, but the VGD record for Yeshaya…Yeshaya's father was Rav Yitzchok Dubinsky, died 1903.
A different man, often confused with ours. Rav Moshe Shmuel Shapiro of Be'er Yaakov, 1917 to 2006, is a son of Aryeh Shapira and a…A different man, often confused with ours.

Rav Avraham Abba Zak held the Alsedziai seat from 1890 until he was murdered on 7 Elul 5701, Saturday 30 August 1941, at Geruliai near…Rav Avraham Abba Zak held the Alsedziai seat from 1890 until he was murdered on 7 Elul 5701, Saturday 30 August 1941, at Geruliai near Telz, together with his daughters Chana and Dvora and their husbands, Rabbi Sholom Tuvia Hurwitz and Reb Yosef Levinzon (printed לויזנון on the memorial page; Levinzonas in the Lithuanian records).
The reconciliation. Jews were expelled en masse from the Kovno guberniya in spring 1915. The father-in-law was displaced, the son-in-law held the seat in his…The reconciliation.
The spelling that hid it. HaDoar spells the town אולשאד, with an aleph and a vav. Nearly every search in this project used אלשאד…The spelling that hid it.
Alonei Mamre 122, page 164: educational reading only

A correction to the Zak side. Rav Avraham Abba's father, R' Aryeh Leib Zak, was a בעל־בית נכבד, a respected householder of Luknik, not…A correction to the Zak side.
A trap in the Pinkas. The "(1890-1941)" printed after Rav Avraham Abba Zak's name is his years in office, formatted like the entry above…A trap in the Pinkas.

Chaya's brother R' Shimon Zak survived. He wrote אבא ז"ל in HaTzofe in August 1946, was still in Tel Aviv writing about this family after…Chaya's brother R' Shimon Zak survived.
The Zak siblings. R' Shimon Zak's own memoir calls himself הבן היחיד במשפחתנו, the only son in our family, and calls Chaya אחותי הבכירה…The Zak siblings.
A Zaks stone in the Suwałki-region Kalvarija, read directly from the photograph, and probably not ours after all. The Kalvarija old Jewish cemetery (the Kalvarija…A Zaks stone in the Suwałki-region Kalvarija, read directly from the photograph, and probably not ours after all.
Open questions & review
36 retained items
Descent from Rav Chaim himself, or from the wider family? The family tradition says the brothers descended from Rav Chaim Volozhiner personally, through their…Descent from Rav Chaim himself, or from the wider family?
Moshe Tzvi, Sara's father The family says Sara's father was Moshe Tzvi, and that he was the link to Rav Chaim. The family tradition…Moshe Tzvi, Sara's father
One missing generation, or two? The family tradition places two generations between Rav Chaim and Sara. The arithmetic says one. Family traditions preserve the…One missing generation, or two?
The family tradition has one channel, not two The Moshe Tzvi tradition and the family dates both come from one branch: Ilia Doubinskii and…The family tradition has one channel, not two
Why the surname changed twice One brother stayed Dubinsky. The other published as Shmukler in 1909 and died as Shapiro in 1962. Name changes…Why the surname changed twice
The kinship word in the 1903 approbations All eight approbations to the 1903 sefer are printed together on a single page, pdfpager.aspx?req=14897&pgnum=3. An OCR…The kinship word in the 1903 approbations
The descendants chapter of the brothers' own 1909 book The descendants chapter of תולדות רבנו חיים מוואלזין runs pdfpager.aspx?req=46885&pgnum=67 through 70, printed pages 61 to…The descendants chapter of the brothers' own 1909 book
The 1920 letter on page 65 of Zikaron BaSefer זכרון בספר, published by Ezras Torah and Agudas HaRabbonim, New York 1922, 343 pages, is…The 1920 letter on page 65 of Zikaron BaSefer
The Jerusalem reprints and who paid for them Shemen Rokeach was reprinted in Jerusalem twice, 1940 and 1969, and Shem MiShimon again later. Nobody reprints…The Jerusalem reprints and who paid for them
What Shem Tov actually is The title page itself, read directly, settles it: שם טוב, דרושים נהמדים לרוח הזמן מיוסדים עפ"י מדרשי חז"ל, ונלוה להם…What Shem Tov actually is
The Russian translation on Toldot.com Fifteen chapters of a Shem Tov by Rav Shimon Mordechai Dubinsky were published in Russian on toldot.com between 2014 and…The Russian translation on Toldot.com
Rav Yitzchok Dubinsky, died 1903, as Yeshaya's father The family names Rav Yitzchok Dubinsky, died 1903, as Yeshaya's father. Shimon Mordechai's son born in…Rav Yitzchok Dubinsky, died 1903, as Yeshaya's father
The dates for Yeshaya and Sara Yeshaya 1836 to 1916. Sara 1836 to 1915. Sara's 1836 and 1915 match the family's own information…The dates for Yeshaya and Sara
What position Shimon Mordechai actually held He is called "rav of Smorgon" in places. That is disproven. The Smorgon Yizkor lists every rav of the…What position Shimon Mordechai actually held
How long he ran Chaim Berlin Three figures are in circulation: about thirty years, approximately twenty-five years, and 1927 until 1950. The…How long he ran Chaim Berlin
Simcha, the eldest son who stayed The family says an eldest son, Simcha, remained in Europe and was murdered with his family. It comes…Simcha, the eldest son who stayed
The third brother, now named R' Shimon Zak's biography says their mother educated three sons. He is now named: Rav Shlomo Yosef, from Shimon…The third brother, now named
The Alshad reconciliation The father-in-law was displaced from Alshad in the First World War, Moshe Shmuel held the seat in his absence, and gave it…The Alshad reconciliation

Rav Avraham Abba Zak's birth year 1862, now agreed by two independent sources: toratcha, and the 1912 rabbinic directory אהלי שם, which gives…Rav Avraham Abba Zak's birth year
Is the Dr. Shimon Zak who died in 1975 the same man? Almost certainly not. A death notice for ד"ר שמעון זק ran in Maariv…Is the Dr. Shimon Zak who died in 1975 the same man? Almost certainly not.
The Leoni chart is a generation off on Relka Leoni makes Rav Zeev Soloveitchik and Yankele into Relka's sons without naming her husbands. Lipman has…The Leoni chart is a generation off on Relka
Chasa's husband, once the blank page in the chart Rav Chaim's daughter Chasa appears in the Leoni chart with no husband and no issue recorded.…Chasa's husband, once the blank page in the chart
Who were the first and second sons-in-law Lipman calls R' Yosef Soloveitchik the third son-in-law. Somebody was counting, and knew the order. The brothers'…Who were the first and second sons-in-law
The two unnamed children of Rav Itzele: two husbands matched firmly, three more on a weak source Rav Itzele's row in the chart reads: Eliyahu…The two unnamed children of Rav Itzele: two husbands matched firmly, three more on a weak source
A Tzvi in the right generation: Rav Itzele's son-in-law of Ivenets The family says Sara's father was Moshe Tzvi, Q-02, and that two generations…A Tzvi in the right generation: Rav Itzele's son-in-law of Ivenets
Was Moshe Shmuel's mother a Shmukler of Ivye? The family says Sara's father was Moshe Tzvi, Q-02. The Ivye revision lists hold a Sora…Was Moshe Shmuel's mother a Shmukler of Ivye?
One monument, or several separate graves? Mitzvat Emet has seven catalogue rows for this family in one cemetery. The best reading is that several of…One monument, or several separate graves?
Is Shimon Mordechai actually buried there? The inscription commemorates him. It does not say he lies there. He died in Kharkiv in March 1946 and…Is Shimon Mordechai actually buried there?
Maria Semyonovna Rubina as his daughter Lev Rubin's wife was Maria Semyonovna, and Semyonovna is the Soviet civil patronymic from Semyon, the standard Russian…Maria Semyonovna Rubina as his daughter
Itzko-Meir Dubinsky as Eduard's father A relative reports that Itzko-Meir, that is Isaac Semyonovich, Dubinsky, 1893 to 1973, Shimon Mordechai's son, was the father…Itzko-Meir Dubinsky as Eduard's father
A second rabbinic in-law, in Brisk? On page 25 of שמן רוקח, in the middle of an unrelated halachic discussion, Shimon Mordechai calls the…A second rabbinic in-law, in Brisk?
The 1903 marriage record: which age belongs to the bride, which to the groom? The register's age column is headed, left to right, № /…The 1903 marriage record: the bride was 22 and the groom was 24
Was Yeshaya's own mother a Zelda, daughter of Iosel? The 1858 Volozhin household that now, for the first time, places Yeshaya himself in a document…Was Yeshaya's own mother a Zelda, daughter of Iosel?
Which of Shimon Mordechai's children married into the Rosenblatt family of Slonim? F-48 already recorded, unnamed, that a 1909 letter in Shem Tov calls its…Which of Shimon Mordechai's children married into the Rosenblatt family of Slonim?
Birth acts have been found for Shimkha/Simcha (1904), Raina Shmukler (1905) and Okhel/Yechiel (1912). The open coverage question is now limited to Hyman/Chaim, born 1909…Where are the Lithuanian birth records for Hyman and Irving?
Is a Sapira/Shapira family documented in Volozhin itself the source of the surname? A family collaborator's film-by-film sweep of the Volozhin revision lists this week…Is a Sapira/Shapira family documented in Volozhin itself the source of the surname?
Telšiai State Savings Bank · citation-only index entries
Three LitvakSIG translated index entries connected to F-74. No original-language page images are held.
No original page image held
SMUKLER, Khaia, father Abel, age 22 - 19 Feb 1903, Telšiai. Comment: "trader; lived in Alsedziai." (LVIA 710/1/586, page 38, record 3381)
No original page image held
SHMUKLER, Khaia, father ZAK Abel, age 25 - 15 Feb 1906, Telšiai. Comment: "husband studied Talmud; lived in Alsedziai; contributed brother ZAK Shimon." (710/1/588, page 46, record 4458)
No original page image held
SHMUKLER, Khaia, father Abel, age 33 - 6 Jul 1910, Telšiai. Comment: "wife of rabbi; lived in Alsedziai." (710/1/594, page 25, record 7232)
Rav Moshe Shmuel: source material
Preface pages and an untranscribed letter. These images are source material, not new conclusions about the family.
1909 Toldot Rav Chaim: preface, page 1
Preface source material, retained scan. It provides context for the authorship question; no new reading is supplied here.
1909 Toldot Rav Chaim: preface, page 2
Preface source material, retained scan.
Rav Moshe Shmuel: manuscript letterhead, page 4
hbm1854, page 4. Website derivative with the historical telephone line omitted. The letter has not been transcribed; no claim is drawn from its handwritten text.
Earlier source captures
These public source captures were also shown in the earlier family portal. Record-index screenshots are not original records. Where a clearer original or fuller page is available, it remains the main source.











Records from other family branches
Berman records


Safir records






Austin records


Strunsky records
